A few biological mysteries that really baffle me

Biology is a part of science that does not lack mystery. In fact, I think that the less “mathematical” a branch of science is, the more mystery is bound to have. A well-known saying states that we know more of what goes on at the center of a star than what we know about our own cells. And this is no exaggeration at all.
This is not to say that biology is “unmathematical”, far from it; however, it is true that the mathematical applications to biology are relatively rudimentary at this moment in time, especially when compared to mathematical physics, for example.
I once saw the following slogan at a Society for Neuroscience meeting: “A picture is worth a thousand words, and a number is worth a thousand pictures“, which I interpret as praise for the increasing quantification of the biological sciences.
All of that seems reasonable, maybe even true, but at our current state of development, we are far, very far from a significant degree of mathematical sophistication in the biological sciences. I am absolutely sure that in more than one case, the mathematics that we really need for studying certain aspects of the living world has not even been invented or discovered yet. Sure, we can design models with various degrees of complexity, but how do these models truly relate to the real thing?
Which brings to my mind some of the mysteries that keeps my mind active. Those mysteries that I would like to know more about before I leave this rock. Truth be told, maybe a smarter biologist than I —And there are plenty of those around— knows more than I do about them.
Anyway, here’s some of the things that I think a lot about during the day and tend to keep me awake at night. Oh, and I am fully aware that I am not the first, and certainly not the last person who’s puzzled by these mysteries. That being said, here we go…
*The boundary between life and non-life.
Life is made of matter; and matter is, well, atoms. Even though life seems to include a rather limited proportion of the 100-odd types of atoms that grace the periodic table, the are not atoms that are exclusively used by life. Carbon in particular is the premier example. Carbon seems to be the atom responsible for the exquisite variety of compounds that are used by life. However, carbon also forms diamonds, which while beautiful, are not alive; not even a little bit. So, where is the specific point, if there is only one, when an ensemble of molecules reaches the degree of complexity that allows it to self-sustain as long as it has a way of harvesting energy from the environment and use that energy for self-maintenance and all other life-related activities?
I know, a long sentence, but it is warranted… Of course, you realize that I am asking, albeit in a rather convoluted way: What is life?
Life is made out of lifeless atoms, and the fundamental unit of life is the cell. When oh when do an assemblage of “dead” molecules become alive?
*Metamorphosis
Now, here’s a tough one. I have been reading quite a bit about metamorphosis recently and it blows my mind. Even if we limit ourselves to the classical examples of frogs from tadpoles or butterflies from caterpillars (and trust me on this one, there are way weirder examples) this phenomenon is quite awe-inspiring. As intriguing as it is that a pollywog hatches form an egg, eventually loses its tail and grows legs, it is relatively straightforward compared to butterflies. Caterpillars seem to change each and every one of its physiological systems when transforming into a butterfly. Their central nervous system included. It gets better, the newly formed “brain” seems to retain at least partially some of the information that the organism acquired as a caterpillar. We have no clear idea how does that happen. We can say pretty much the same thing about regeneration.
*Consciousness
-What exactly is it? (No clue)
-Do other organisms have it? (Without a doubt; it seems to be a matter of degrees)
-Do we understand it? (Simply stated, not even a little bit, at least no true hard data seems to be around. Lots of models, lots of theories, quite a lot of speculation).
*True biodiversity
To date, we do not have a complete idea of the biodiversity of our own planet. There is much to be discovered still, but we are —or at the very least should be— hurrying ourselves before many species disappear by our own hands.
And what about biodiversity at large? A catalog of life including its past? It is overwhelming accepted by paleontologist that there are many, oh, but too many species that we’ll never get to discover simply because they left no traces of their existence. I don’t know about you, but it makes me sad.
It gets sadder. What about the biodiversity of our universe, and maybe even others? This is sadder to me because this integrates the temporal dimension with the spatial one, and just in case things are not complex enough, there is also the quite extreme idea of multiple universes. And in these lines…
*How exactly does evolution work? Need I say more?
Well, what are *your* mysteries?

Two planarian species that I use in my research. Picture credit: The Pagán Laboratory
~~~~~~~~~~~
If you want to know more of my scientific research you can click here.
Want to see what my blog is about? Go here for some other posts. You can also subscribe to my blog! Just go to the “Home” page, right hand side.
Comment here or send me a message if you have any questions! My email is: orpagan@yahoo.com.
For more details about my books, click here for my Amazon.com author page.
For my Facebook page click here.
My Twitter “name” is @Baldscientist
For the customary disclaimers please go to my “About” page.